APA Referencing Tool
This tool provides examples of references and citations for commonly used source types. Refer to the Referencing Examples Guide to APA 7th Referencing or email learningadvisors@eit.ac.nz for more help.
What source are you using?
Please select below
With DOI
Loewen, S. (2020). Introduction to instructed second language acquisition (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315616797
In-Text Citation
Loewen (2020) outlines...
OR
...(Loewen, 2020).
Without DOI
Hazari, A. (2024). Research methodology for allied health professionals: A comprehensive guide to thesis and dissertation. Springer.
In-Text Citation
Hazari (2024) describes ...
OR
... (Hazari, 2024).
van der Sloot, B., & van Schendel, S. (2024). The boundaries of data. Amsterdam University Press.
In-Text Citation
van der Sloot and van Schendel (2024) ...
OR
... (van der Sloot & Van Schendel, 2024).
Li, D. L., Zheng, D. W., & Shi, J. (2014). Material research and applications. Trans Tech Publications.
In-Text Citation
Li et al. (2014) ...
OR
... (Li et al., 2014).
Pihama, L., & Tuhiwai Smith, L. (Eds.). (2023). Ora: Healing ourselves - Indigenous knowledge, healing and wellbeing. Huia Publishers.
In-Text Citation
Pihama and Tuihiwai Smith (2023) described ...
OR
... (Pihama & Tuhiwai Smith, 2023).
For editors' names, write the initials then the last name.
Schubring, A. (2024). Biographical mapping interviews. In K. A. Rich, R. Smith, & A. R. Giles (Eds.), Participatory research in sport and physical activity. Taylor & Francis.
In-Text Citation
Schubring (2024) identifies ...
OR
... (Schubring, 2024).
Include edition numbers in brackets before the page range, separated by a comma.
Papps, E. (2021). Acting in accordance with New Zealand regulatory frameworks. In J. Crisp, C. Douglas, G. Rebeiro, & D. Waters (Eds.), Potter and Perry's fundamentals of nursing (6th ed., pp. 259-273). Elsevier.
In-Text Citation
Papps (2021) explains ...
OR
... (Papps, 2021).
Bay, U., & Tudor, R. (2023). Community-engaged social work practice. In J. Maidment, R. Egan, R. Tudor, & S. Nipperess (Eds.), Practice skills in social work and welfare (4th ed., pp. 98-110). Routledge.
In-Text Citation
Bay and Tudor (2023) ...
OR
... (Bay & Tudor, 2023).
Connors, K. M., Henry, J. K., & Seifer, S. D. (2018). Improving the preparation of nursing professionals through community campus partnerships. In M. Gott (Ed.), Nursing practice, policy and change (pp. 115-134). Taylor & Francis.
In-Text Citation
Connors et al. (2018) ...
OR
... (Connors et al., 2018).
Please select below
One Author
Gibbs, C. (2023). Preventing perioperative hypothermia. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 38(4), e25-e26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2023.06.021
In-Text Citation
Gibbs (2023) explains ...
OR
... (Gibbs, 2023).
Mauriello, N. L., & Hazas, M. (2024). Pervasive sustainability. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 23(2), 4-6. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/MPRV.2024.3409135
In-Text Citation
Mauriello and Hazas (2024) commented that ...
OR
... (Mauriello & Hazas, 2024).
Fotakis, C., Andreou, V., Christodouleas, D. C., & Zervou, M. (2024). The metabolic and antioxidant activity profiles of aged Greek grape marc spirits. Foods, 13(11), Article 1664. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111664
In-Text Citation
Fotakis et al. (2024) ...
OR
... (Fotakis et al., 2024).
Taylor, N. J., Nandita, M., Qian, L., Avril, M.-F., Bishop, D. T., Bressac-de Paillerets, B., Bruno, W., Calista, D., Cuellar, F., Cust, A. E., Demenais, F., Elder, D. E., Gerdes, A.-M., Ghiorzo, P., Goldstein, A. M., Grazziotin, T., C., Gruis, N. A., Hansson, J., Harland, M., ... Kanetsky, P. A. (2019). Estimating CDKN2A mutation carrier probability among global familial melanoma cases using GenoMELPREDICT. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 81(2), 396-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.01.079
In-Text Citation
Taylor et al. (2019) suggest ...
OR
... (Taylor et al., 2019).
Houkamau, C. A., Sibley, C., & Henare, M. (2019). Te rangahau o te tuakiri Māori me ngā waiaro ā- putea: The Māori identity and financial attitudes study. Mai Journal, 8(2), 142-158. https://doi.org/10.20507/MAIJournal.2019.8.2.4
In-Text Citation
First citation
Houkamau (Ngāti Porou, Ngāti Kahungunu), Sibley, and Henare (Te Aupō uri, Te Rarawa) (2019) studied ...
OR
(Houkamau [Ngāti Porou, Ngāti Kahungunu], Sibley, & Henare [Te Aupō uri, Te Rarawa], 2019).
NB. Use square brackets within round brackets for parenthetical citations
Subsequent citations
Houkamau et al. (2019) further explore ...
OR
... (Houkamau et al., 2019).
Liuz, A. R., Jr., Marcelo, L. P., Jr., & Alexandre, F. F. (2023). Elastocaloric effect in graphene kirigami. Nano Letters, 23(18), 8801-8807. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02260
In-Text Citation
Liuz et al. (2023) describe ...
OR
... (Liuz et al., 2023).
From a proprietary database (e.g., Lippincot Procedures, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute), include the database name in place of the journal title.
Gordon, M., Grafton-Clarke, C., Rahindrajith, S., Beeninga, M. A., Sinopoulou, V., & Akobeng, A. K. (2024). Treatments for intractable constipation in childhood. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014580.pub2
In-Text Citation
Gordon et al. (2024) explored ...
OR
... (Gordon et al., 2024).
Add the word "Article" and article number in place of the page range.
Craig, H., Paulik, R., Djanibekov, U., Walsh, P., Wild, A., & Popovich, G. (2021). Quantifying national-scale changes in agricultural land exposure to fluvial flooding. Sustainability, 13(22). Article 12495. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212495
In-Text Citation
Craig et al. (2021) stated ...
OR
... (Craig et al., 2021).
Include the date information provided in the article. Add page numbers and URL if available.
Colby, A. (2024, June 13). Coverable cosies: 20+ knitwear styles to add into your rotation this winter. Fashion Quarterly. https://fq.co.nz/knitwear-edit-2024/
In-Text Citation
Colby (2024) identifies ...
OR
... (Colby, 2024).
Include the date information provided in the article. Add page numbers and URL if available.
Johnstone, S. (2023, November 10). Wairoa flooding shows need for long-term mental health support after Cyclone Gabrielle. New Zealand Herald. https://shorturl.at/R9h42
In-Text Citation
Johnstone (2023) highlights ...
OR
... (Johnstone, 2023).
Include the name of the website after the title of the article. Italicise the article title. This example shows RNZ as the publisher.
Edmunds, S. (2024, July 9). Which NZ products have the largest mark-ups? RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/business/521620/which-nz-products-have-the-largest-mark-ups
In-Text Citation
Edmund's (2024) article ...
OR
... (Edmund, 2024).
After the title, write "Press release" in square brackets.
New Zealand Parliament. (2024, April 17). Face-to-face diplomacy key aim of Speaker's first delegation to the Pacific [Press release]. https://shorturl.at/2h75T
In-Text Citation
In the New Zealand Parliament's (2024) press release,...
OR
... (New Zealand Parliament, 2024).
Blog Post
Bates, T. (2024, January 21). A personal history: 3. What I learned from Open University summer schools. Online Learning and Distance Education Resources. https://www.tonybates.ca/2024/01/21/a-personal-history-2-what-i-learned-from-openuniversity-summer-schools/
In-Text Citation
Bates (2024) states ...
OR
... (Bates, 2024).
You may have been given readings for your course. This is a collection of journal, magazine, or newspaper articles; book chapters; and other material collated by the lecturer. Treat each reading as being sourced from its publication location and reference according to the source type. For example, if the reading you are citing is a copy of a journal article, reference the original journal, not EITONLINE.
In the in-text citation provide the author and date of the original source and add the page number, paragraph number, or the time stamp if quoting.
Please select below
Cherry, K. (2023). How to lead: 6 leadership styles and frameworks. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/leadership-styles-2795312
In-Text Citation
Cherry (2023) states that ...
OR
... (Cherry, 2023).
Sport New Zealand. (n.d.). What we're working towards: Our outcomes and priorities. https://sportnz.org.nz/about-us/who-we-are/what-were-working-towards/
NB: All references should be credible. When the publication date is unclear, verify that the information is current.
In-Text Citation
Sport New Zealand (n.d.) ...
OR
... (Sport New Zealand, n.d.).
Web pages from the same website are listed alphabetically according to the title, and this determines the allocation of a, b, and so forth within the date element.
Education New Zealand. (2024a). Gifted education evaluation reports released. https://www.education.govt.nz/news/gifted-education-evaluation-reports-released/
Education New Zealand. (2024b). Minister outlines intentions for assessment and aromatawai. https://www.education.govt.nz/news/minister-outlinesintentions-for-assessment-and-aromatawai/
In-Text Citation
Education New Zealand (2024b) identifies .... The Minister of Education stated ... (Education New Zealand, 2024a).
A retrieval date is included where information is likely to change. Web pages from the same website are listed alphabetically according to the title, and this determines the allocation of -a, -b, and so forth within the date element.
Safe Travel. (n.d.-a). Internet dating scams. Retrieved November 19, 2024, from https://safetravel.govt.nz/internet-dating-scams
Safe Travel. (n.d.-b). Our services. https://safetravel.govt.nz/our-services
Safe Travel. (n.d.-c). Travel advisory risk levels. Retrieved November 19, 2024, from https://safetravel.govt.nz/travel-advisory-risk-levels
In-Text Citation
Safe Travel (n.d.-b) explains ..., warns against ... (Safe Travel, n.d.-a), and advises caution when travelling to ... (Safe Travel, n.d.-c).
Please select below
Audiobook
White, E. B. (2019). On democracy (A. Morey, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Harpercollins Publishers. https://amzn.to/33ZgPQv (Original work published 1947)
NB. As this is a re-published work, the original and the republication dates are included.
In-Text Citation
White (1947/2019) comments on ...
OR
... (White, 1947/2019).
Soundtrack
Lord Kitchener. (2015). The man in the street [Song]. On Kitchener goes soca. Radiophone Archives.
NB. Give the name of the artist as they are known.
In-Text Citation
Lord Kitchener's (2015) lyrics ...
OR
... (Lord Kitchener, 2015).
The director takes the place of the author and the film production company the place of the publisher. A description of the source type is given in square brackets after the title.
Kerig, W. A. (Director). (2012). Ready to fly: The true story of a dream worth fighting for [Film]. Salt Mine Storyworks.
In-Text Citation
Kerig (2012) tells the story of ...
OR
... (Kerig, 2012).
Include names of executive producers, writers, directors, and executive directors if available.
TV or Streamed Series
Lee-Harris, A. (Producer & Writer), & Leonard, S. (Director). (2018-2023). The casketeers [TV series]. Great Southern Pictures.
In-Text Citation
In The Casketeers, Lee-Harris and Leonard (2018-2023) depict ...
OR
... (Lee-Harris & Leonard, 20182023).
TV or Streamed Episode
Miller, B. (Writer). (2019, July 10). Unfit (Season 3, Episode 8) [TV series episode]. In B. Miller, W. Littlefield, R. Morano, D. Wilson, F, Sears, I. Chaiken, E. Moss, M. Barker, E. Tuchman, S. l. Hockin, H. Weber, & F. Siracusa (Executive Producers), The handmaid's tale. Daniel Wilson Productions; The Littlefield Company; White Oak Pictures; MGM Television.
In-Text Citation
Miller (2019) tells ...
OR
... (Miller, 2019).
Mundim, T. S. (2017, June 14). ArchiCAD essential training [Online course]. LinkedIn Learning. https://www.linkedin.com/learning/me?u=76194218
In-Text Citation
According to Mundim (2017), ...
OR
... (Mundim, 2017).
The person or organisation uploading the TED talk is identified in the author position followed by the upload date. Organisation name follows the title, then the URL.
From ted.com
Hervey, A. (2023, April). Why are we so bad at reporting good news? [Video]. TED Conferences. https://tinyurl.com/2ewkhpxc
In-Text Citation
Hervey (2023) questions ...
OR
... (Hervey, 2023).
From YouTube
TED. (2024, March 29). Ken Goldberg: Why don't we have better robots yet? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUdl-Cp-LWw
NB. Include the presenter name as part of the title followed by a colon.
In-Text Citation
In TED (2024), Ken Goldberg indicates ...
OR
... (TED, 2024).
Use the name of the person or organisation who uploaded the video in the author position.
Careersnz. (2023, October 9). Drainlayer [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYMS9vqnSRs
In-Text Citation
Careersnz (2023) demonstrates ...
OR
... (Careersnz, 2023).
Recorded webinars are often available on YouTube. Reference as you would a YouTube video and credit the presenter within the title of the reference, followed by a colon.
Creative New Zealand. (2017, April 3). Graeme Nahkies: Getting on board - Governance with impact [Webinar]. YouTube. https://bit.ly/2qxPU0B
In-Text Citation
In Creative New Zealand (2017), Graeme Nahkies informs ...
OR
... Graeme Nahkies explains ... (Creative New Zealand, 2017).
If a webinar is from an organisation's website, reference as a web page and place the word "Webinar" in square brackets after the title.
Bristol, T. (n.d.). Save time studying: Nursing students note taking goes mobile [Webinar]. Skyscape. https://bit.ly/354rhYz
In-Text Citation
Bristol (n.d.) indicates ...
OR
... (Bristol, n.d.).
Please select below
Single entry in a reference work.
Where the work is frequently updated, include a retrieval date.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Heuristic. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 20, 2024, from https://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
In-Text Citation
Merriam-Webster (n.d.) defines ...
OR
... (Merriam-Webster, n.d.).
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Mohaka River. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved November 20, 2024, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Mohaka-River
In-Text Citation
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (n.d.) describe ...
OR
... (Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.).
When the work provides an updated date, provide that year in the date element.
Whaanga, M. (2017). Ngāti Kahungunu. In Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/ngati-kahungunu
In-Text Citation
Whaanga (2017) outlines ...
OR
... (Whaanga, 2017).
Multiple entries in a reference work.
When referencing a number of entries, refer to the source as a whole.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 20, 2024, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/
In-Text Citation
Merriam- Webster (n.d.) defines ...
OR
... (Merriam-Webster, n.d.).
Stevenson, A., & Waite, M. (Eds.). (2011). Concise Oxford English dictionary (12th ed.). Oxford University Press.
In-Text Citation
Stevenson and Waite (2011) define ...
OR
... (Stevenson & Waite, 2011).
The author is the name of the rightsholder of the app which may be an individual, group, or company. The year is the date of the version release, if available.
Entry within an app
GNS Science-Te Pū Ao. (2024). About GeoNet. (Version 4.4.0) [Mobile application software]. Google Play Store. https://play.google.com/store/search?q=geonet+nz&c=apps&hl=en
In-Text Citation
According to GNS Science (2024), ...
OR
... (GNS Science, 2024).
The app as a whole or multiple entries from one app.
AUT Ventures Limited. (2022). New Zealand trees (Version 4.0) [Mobile application software]. Google Play Store. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.treesnz&hl=en
In-Text Citation
According to AUT Ventures Limited (2022), ...
OR
... (AUT Ventures Limited, 2022).
When author and publisher are the same, the publisher is omitted.
When referencing a specific drug, include the drug name after the date.
MIMS New Zealand. (2024). Clarithromycin. MIMS New Ethicals, (40), 330-331.
When referencing a number of entries, refer to the book as a whole.
MIMS New Zealand. (2024). MIMS New Ethicals, (40).
In-Text Citation
MIMS New Zealand (2024) states ...
OR
... (MIMS New Zealand, 2024).
The sponsor name is the author and Medsafe the publisher.
GlaxoSmithKline. (2023). Augmentin tablets. Medsafe. https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/consumers/cmi/a/augmentintab.pdf
In-Text Citation
According to GlaxoSmithKline (2023), ...
OR
... (GlaxoSmithKline, 2023).
Include the version number in brackets.
New Zealand Formulary. (2024). Sulfonylureas. In NZF (Version 148). https://nzf.org.nz/nzf_3691?searchterm=Sulfonylureas
In-Text Citation
New Zealand Formulary (2024) state ...
OR
... (New Zealand Formulary, 2024).
Include the title of the page in the author position, date (or n.d. if no date), publisher (organisation name), and the URL.
Greenmeadows. (n.d.). .idcommunity. https://profile.idnz.co.nz/napier/about?WebID=130
In-Text Citation
According to "Greenmeadows" (n.d.), ...
OR
... ("Greenmeadows," n.d.).
Text document
Include title, database name, and DOI or URL.
Wound assessment, home care. (2024). Lippincott Procedures (New Zealand Instance). https://procedures.lww.com/lnp/view.do?pId=7378573
In-Text Citation
"Wound Assessment, Home Care" (2024) states ...
OR
... ("Wound Assessment, Home Care," 2024).
Video
Include title, date (or n.d. if there is no date), database name, and DOI or URL.
Palpating the vein. (n.d.). Lippincott Procedures (New Zealand Instance) [Video]. https://procedures.lww.com/lnp/view.do?pId=729259&s=v&id=12122472
In-Text Citation
"Palpating the Vein" (n.d.) shows...
OR
... ("Palpating the Vein," n.d.).
Image
Treat as a figure and head with the word "Figure"and add a title in italics and title case. A Note beneath the figure will include the full in-text citation, which includes the same elements as a reference but in a different order with different punctuation. A reference is also required in the reference list. Refer to the Figures and Tables guide.
Figure 3
Cleaning the Puncture Site
Note. Demonstration [Photograph]. From "Cleaning the Puncture Site," 2018, Lippincott Procedures (New Zealand Instance) (https://procedures.lww.com/lnp/view.do?pId=728883&s=i&id=66176386). Copyright 2019 by Wolters Kluwer Health.
Please select below
APA is an American citation style. Therefore, it does not have details on referencing New Zealand legislation. The format described here is sufficient in most courses. The retrieval date is included as there may be changes in the legislation resulting from Amendments.
Fair Trading Act 1986. Retrieved November 18, 2024, from http://www.legislation.govt.nz
If you are studying a law course, more detailed formats may require you to follow guidelines specific to legal references.
In-Text Citation
The Fair Trading Act 1986 prohibits ...
OR
... (Fair Trading Act 1986).
If you are referring to a particular section of the Act, give the section number "s 32" or numbers "ss 17-26".
In-Text Citation
The Fair Trading Act 1986 s 32 sets out ...
OR
According to the Fair Trading Act 1986 ss 17-26, the ...
OR
... (Fair Trading Act 1986,s 11).
If you have used an Act from a book that contains a compilation of legislation, give the name of the Act, the title of the book and the publication details.
Fair Trading Act 1986. (2019). In Introduction to New Zealand commercial legislation. CCH New Zealand.
In-Text Citation
The Fair Trading Act 1986 states that ...
OR
... (Fair Trading Act 1986).
In your reference list, give the official name of the Bill, including the year it was introduced and the Bill number.
The Health (Protection) Amendment Bill (234-2).
If you have used an electronic version of a Bill, include the website you retrieved it from and the date you retrieved it.
The Health (Protection) Amendment Bill 2014 (234-2). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from http://www.legislation.govt.nz
In-Text Citation
When referring to a Bill in the main body of your text, give the official name of the Bill, including the year it was introduced and the Bill number.
The Health (Protection) Amendment Bill 2014 (234) seeks to ...
If you are referring to a specific version of a Bill, include the version number.
The Health (Protection) Amendment Bill 2014 (234-2) provides ...
If you are referring to a specific clause, give the clause number (cl) or numbers (cls).
The Health (Protection) Amendment Bill 2014 (234-2) cl 4 ...
OR
The Health (Protection) Amendment Bill 2014 (234-2) cls 5-6 allow for ...
OR
... (Health Protection Amendment Bill 2014 (234-2), cl 10).
Health and Safety at Work (General Risk and Workplace Management) Regulations 2016.
Health and Safety at Work (General Risk and Workplace Management) Regulations 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2024, from CCH New Zealand Employment Law Legislation.
OR
Health and Safety at Work (General Risk and Workplace Management) Regulations 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2024, from http://www.legislation.govt.nz
In-Text Citation
When citing regulations in your text, use the title given in the "Title and commencement" section of the regulations. This reads "These regulations may be cited as ..." or "These regulations are the ..."
The Health and Safety at Work (General Risk and Workplace Management) Regulations 2016 ...
OR
... (Health and Safety at Work (General Risk and Workplace Management) Regulations 2016).
The specific sections of a regulation are known as regulations (regs). Give the regulation number (reg) or numbers (regs).
Health and Safety at Work (General Risk and Workplace Management) Regulations 2016 reg 12 specifies ...
OR
General duties are clearly set out in the Health and Safety at Work (General Risk and Workplace Management) Regulations 2016, regs 5-20.
OR
Regulation 15 of the Health and Safety at Work (General Risk and Workplace Management) Regulations 2016
OR
... (Health and Safety at Work (General Risk and Workplace Management) Regulations 2016, reg 15).
Waitangi Tribunal. (1995). Te Whanganui a Orotu report 1995 (Wai 55). Brooker's.
In-Text Citation
The Waitangi Tribunal (1995) reported ...
OR
... (Waitangi Tribunal, 1995).
Online
Waitangi Tribunal. (2010). The East Coast settlement report (Wai 2190). Legislation Direct. https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC _68581081/Wai2190.pdf
In-Text Citation
The Waitangi Tribunal (2010) reported ...
OR
... (Waitangi Tribunal, 2010).
Te Kooti Whenua Māori-Māori Land Court. (1866). Hauraki minute book 1. National Archives.
In-Text Citation
Te Kooti Whenua Māori (1866) reported ...
OR
... (Te Kooti Whenua Māori, 1866).
Mercury NZ Ltd v. Cairns - Pouakani River Bed (2022) 277 Waiariki MB 174 (277 WAR 174). https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/MercuryNZ-Ltd-v-Cairns-Pouakani-River-Bed-2022-227-Waiariki-MB174-227-WAR-174.pdf
In-Text Citation
Mercury NZ Ltd v. Carins - Pouakani River Bed (2022).
OR
... (Mercury NZ Ltd v. Carins - Pouakani River Bed, 2022).
Original versions
Te Tiriti o Waitangi [Māori version], 1840, https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watchplay/maori/treaty-waitangi/treaty-close/full-text-te-tiriti-o
In-Text Citation
According to Te Tiriti o Waitangi, 1840, ...
OR
... (Te Tiriti o Waitangi, 1840).
The Treaty of Waitangi [English version], 1840, https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watchplay/maori/treaty-waitangi/treaty-close/full-text-te-tiriti-o
In-Text Citation
According to The Treaty of Waitangi, 1840, ...
OR
... (The Treaty of Waitangi, 1840).
Translated version: Refer to the translated version and the source where the translated version is published as you would a chapter in an edited book.
The Treaty of Waitangi (I. H. Kawharu, Trans.). (2003). In C. Orange, An illustrated history of the Treaty of Waitangi (p. 282). Bridget Williams Books.
In-Text Citation
According to "The Treaty of Waitangi" (2003), ...
OR
... ("The Treaty of Waitangi," 2003).
When citing legislation from other countries, give the jurisdiction in brackets after the title if it is not clear from the context.
Adoption and Children Act 2002 (UK)
For federal jurisdictions (such as Australia, Canada, USA), identify the source of the legislation (federal, state, or provincial).
Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 (NSW)
Child Care Act 1972 (Cth)
For particular conventions for specific countries the following book and guide are available:
United States
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
(See chapter 11:Legal References).
Australia
Melbourne University Law Review Association and Melbourne Journal of International Law. (2018).
Australian guide to legal citation (4th ed.). https://law.unimelb.edu.au/data/assets/pdf_file/0005/3181325/AGLC4-with-Bookmarks-1.pdf
Reference List
- List cases alphabetically by title.
- Use standard type.
- Always use the neutral citation if available.
For unreported cases, use the neutral citation that appears on the case. If this not available, use the court reference.
Commerce Commission v Viagogo AG[2019] NZCA 472
For reported cases, include the neutral citation before the report citation. For the report citation, the year of reporting is given in square brackets for report series where the date is the primary means of locating the case (due to the volume numbers repeating each year), and in round brackets for series where the volume number is sufficient for locating the case (due to a consecutive sequence of volume numbers). The report series name should be abbreviated. For example, NZELC for New Zealand Employment Law Cases.
Matsuoka v LSG Sky Chefs New Zealand Ltd [2011] NZEmpC 44, [2011] 9 NZELC 93,828.
Reported case from a database
Matsuoka v LSG Sky Chefs New Zealand Ltd [2011] NZEmpC 44, [2011] 9 NZELC 93,828. CCH New Zealand Employment Law Cases.
For abbreviations for New Zealand law report series, see Legal Citations for Aotearoa New Zealand at https://www.lcanz.auckland.ac.nz/
For international law report series, see the Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations at http://legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk/
In-Text Citation and referring to cases within the narrative
Give the name of the case in italics
Party Name v Party Name
In the Kerr v Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Corporation case ...
OR
(Kerr v Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Corporation, 2001).
Give the full name of the case in your text for the first time. If you will be referring to it more than once and it has a long name, or is known by a popular name, you can add an abbreviated or popular title in square brackets after the formal title for use in subsequent citations.
First Citation
In the Matsuoka v LSG Sky Chefs New Zealand Ltd [Matsuoka case] case, ...
OR
... (Matsuoka v LSG Sky Chefs New Zealand Ltd [Matsuoka case], 2011).
Subsequent citations
In the Matsuoka case (2011), ...
OR
... (Matsuoka case, 2011).
When referring to a specific paragraph or page, write "at" followed by the paragraph number in square brackets or the page number.
Paragraph numbers
(Matsuoka case 2011 at [7])
Page numbers
(Matsuoka case 2011 at 93,831)
When referring to multiple paragraph or page numbers, separate them by commas and write "and" before the final number.
Multiple paragraph numbers
(Matsuoka case 2011 at [7], [9] and [13])
Multiple page numbers
(Matsuoka case 2011 at 93,831 and 93,833)
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State the developer of the AI tool as the author, then year of the version in brackets. The title of the LLM is in italics followed by the version number in brackets. The source type is in square brackets, followed by the URL of the AI tool (McAdoo, 2024).
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
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OpenAI (2023) stated ...
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... (OpenAI, 2023).
Microsoft. (2024). Copilot (Version 4.0) [Large language model]. Microsoft. https://copilot.cloud.microsoft
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Microsoft (2024) depicted ...
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... (Microsoft, 2024).
Annual reports are referenced as a book. The publisher is usually the same as the author, in which case the publisher is omitted.
New Zealand Winegrowers. (2023). Annual report 2023. https://www.nzwine.com/media/d02jaawt/nzw-annual-report-2023.pdf
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New Zealand Winegrowers (2023) reported ...
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... (New Zealand Winegrowers, 2023).
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In-Text Citation
In Skyscape Medpresso's (2019) app ...
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... (Skyscape Medpresso, 2019).
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... (Plunket, n.d.).
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Rawson and Rawson (2023) proposed ...
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... (Rawson & Rawson, 2023).
Journal article
Patnaik, S. (2024). Entrepreneurship, tourism, local fashion, and curriculum development: A South African study. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tourism Research, 7(1), 314-321. https://shorturl.at/d7DUk
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Patnaik (2024) noted ...
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... (Patnaik, 2024).
An organisation's repository
Hu, Y., Giacaman, N., & Donald, C. (2024, March 18-22). Enhancing trust in generative AI: Investigating explainability of LLMs to analyse confusion in MOOC discussions [Paper presentation]. 14th Learning Analystics & Knowledge Conference, Kyoto, Japan. https://hdl.handle.net/2292/68233
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Hu et al. (2022) presented ...
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... (Hu et al., 2022).
You may have been given readings for your course. This is a collection of journal, magazine, or newspaper articles; book chapters; and other material collated by the lecturer. Treat each reading as an original and reference according to their original type. For example, if the reading is a copy of a journal article, reference the original journal, not EITOnline.
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Dang, D. (2024). ITWD5.130: Website development [PowerPoint slides]. Eastern Institute of Technology. https://learning.eit.ac.nz/
In-Text Citation
Dang (2024) explained ...
OR
... (Dang, 2024).
Canterbury District Health Board. (2022). Graduated compression stockings (TED's) (Document No. 2400656). In Nursing and Midwifery Policies & Procedures. https://shorturl.at/yqJkp
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The Canterbury District Health Board (2022) discussed ...
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... (Canterbury District Health Board, 2022).
Begin the reference with the author or curator/editor, and identify their position. If there is no author or curator/editor, use the gallery or museum name.
Burns, A., & Lundh, J. (Curators). (2020). Candice Lin: Pigs and poison [Exhibition catalogue]. Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, New Plymouth, New Zealand. https://govettbrewster.com/media/rkdgqb3u/2020_pigs-and-poison-candice-lin.pdf
In-Text Citation
Burns and Lundh (2020) demonstrated ...
OR
... (Burns & Lundh, 2020).
Heretaunga Women's Centre. (2021). Sweet as banana pudding [Exhibition catalogue]. Harcourts Hawke's Bay. https://heretaungawomenscentre.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/BookProof-1-April.pdf
In-Text Citation
Heretaunga Women's Centre (2021) explored ...
OR
... (Heretaunga Women's Centre, 2021).
the standard's reference number, include this after the title in brackets.
Standards New Zealand. (2021). Ngā paerewa health and disability services standard (NZS 8134:2021). https://www.standards.govt.nz/shop/nzs-81342021
In-Text Citation
Standards New Zealand (2021) identify ...
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... (Standards New Zealand, 2021).
With individual author:
Magtoto, E. (2023).Evidence summary. Mumps, measles and rubella vaccination: Factors affecting parental decision to vaccinate. Evidence Summaries-Joanna Briggs Institute. https://tinyurl.com/ykufd4un
In-Text Citation
Magtoto (2023) reported that ...
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... (Magtoto, 2023).
With corporate author:
Joanna Briggs Institute. (2024). Experiences and perceptions of participating in a peer-support intervention for adults with chronic non-cancer pain. Best Practice: Evidence-Based Information Sheets for Health Professionals, 26(6), 1-5. https://tinyurl.com/539kxmkp
In-Text Citation
According to the Joanna Briggs Institute (2024) ...
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... (Joanna Briggs Institute, 2024).
A wiki is not a scholarly source. Seek your tutor's advice before citing a wiki.
Food waste in New Zealand. (2024, May 3). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste_in_New_Zealand
In-Text Citation
As stated in "Food Waste in New Zealand" (2024), ...
OR
... ("Food Waste in New Zealand," 2024).
Reference the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting "view history" and the time and date of the version you used.
Reference where you found the whakataukī.
Native Council. (n.d.). Proverbs - Ngā whakataukī, ngā whakatauākī. https://www.maorilanguage.net/maori-words-phrases/proverbs-nga-whakatauki-ngawhakatauaki/
In-Text Citation
Native Council (n.d.) ...
OR
... (Native Council, n.d.).
Reference where you found the whakatauākī,
Mead, H. M., & Grove, N. (2003). Ngā Pēpeha a ngā Tīpuna-The sayings of the ancestors. Te Herena Waka University Press.
In-Text Citation
Cite as a secondary citation. Include iwi affiliations after the whakatauākī author, followed by the author of the source.
Mohi Tūrei (Ngāti Porou) (as cited in Mead & Grove, 2003), stated ...
OR
... (Mohi Tūrei [Ngāti Porou], as cited in Mead & Grove, 2003).